Category: Iceland

Icelandic porn filter is overkill

<Originally a Webwereld column – in Dutch>

In the middle of election season in Iceland a debate is raging about the need to protect young children from violent pornographic imagery that can be found on the Internet. Although it is unclear what the scale of this problem is, there is concern about the methods used by some in the porn industry to market their wares. There is an idea that some firms use the old tobacco industry method of ‘get them while they’re young’.

As I was in Iceland recently I was fortunate enough to be asked my opinions on these matters by government officials. The entire debate is being conducted during election season, so the local media are on top of every word uttered by anyone from either government or the local digital civil liberties organisations. What causes most of the (international) attention is the specific plan to put a national filter on all Icelandic internet connections. This would be a first for a western democracy (although such filters have been tried in various Asian countries from Iran to China). Proposing a method that could very well be called censorship is incongruous in a modern and progressive society such as Iceland (the only country to have convicted its bankers over their part in the current global financial crisis).

Within a few hours of setting foot on Iceland I was asked by Smari McCarthy of the Icelandic Modern Media Initiative to sign their letter of protest (by now published) against the filtering proposal.

During an informal dinner a few days later with officials it became clear that no decision on a filter, or any other policy, had been made. The government was looking into the problem and discussing possible solutions. The emotive nature of the debate causes the problems and solutions to get mixed up. I therefore attempted to structure the discussion over dinner:

Goals:

1. minimizing the harm caused by violent/degrading imagery to young children in Iceland;

2. fighting the industry that makes money out of degrading humans.

As stated I think it is vital to see these as separate goals that may require completely separate policies. The first is clearly an Icelandic state issue, the second may require a multi-national approach, altough there could be things Iceland can do to ‘not be part of the problem by funding this stuff’.

Methods:

1. The problem with a national filter on certain forms of internet traffic is that these filters work very poorly. This is because of the rapid speed of technological innovation on the supply side and the high creativity in circumventing the filter on the demand side. Once a filter-circumvention method has been found by one person, this knowledge will spread rapidly until it is everywhere. There are even special websites made by-and-for kids on how to circumvent filters and blocking software installed by parents/teachers/governments (their motto: ‘it is not a crime to be smarter than your parents’).

So the Icelandic government would open up a two-front technological info-war against both the porn industry (the very people who invented things like video-streaming over the internet) and its own citizens, some of whom may have a legitimate (if hard to understand) desire to watch certain content. Aside from the fact that forbidding things that are not perceived by their consumers to be harmful, this also makes the forbidden fruit more interesting for young people developing their independence and testing the limits of society.

But let us assume that some day in the future a filter is developed through a technical miracle (these sometimes do occur). Now you have built a working turnkey censorship infrastructure. The key question then is – who is actually in control of this infrastructure? Can you trust all possible future Icelandic governments or civil servants with the power to selectively turn off sources of information to all of Iceland?

In light of all the anti-terrorism laws being deployed against journalists, environmental and peace activists, and even citizens who fail to seperate all their rubbish appropriately, this is not a theoretical problem.

2. Now for the porn industry and options for taking it down (assuming for the sake of discussion that this could be a legitimate objective for a government). In my view the best and most practical thing that Iceland can do is to be very minimalist and selective in enforcing US-style copyright. Cutting off the money supply is a very concrete and easy thing that much of the Internet is already doing to the porn industry. Instead of frustrating this process, as many governments seem to be doing, the Icelandic government should welcome it. Thus making sure that those who want such online content can get it without sending money to these organisations. People make porn to make money. Take away their business model, and the business will go away as well.

I do, however, remain puzzled by one question: how precisely does the porn industry make money from kids? Do children have credit cards? I would find it hard to believe that these companies are doing things in the hope of a new customer 9 years from now. The tobacco analogy only goes so far: cigarettes are usually bought in cash, online porn with credit card or paypal. The lack of statistics about the problem (how many kids have been affected: 5, 500, 5000? And how do we come by these numbers?) is also a problem.

Forbidden fruits vs managing the problem

Like drugs, porn and gambling will never be completely removed from society as long as certain people want them. But the problems they cause can be managed and minimised. Attempts at banning things are usually not the most effective way to reduce harm. Even the banning of ‘child porn’ (a complete misnomer as it is actually imagery of child abuse) has not clearly led to fewer children being harmed by the production of it. Production and distribution has gone so deeply underground that nobody really knows what is going on anymore. The fact that researching/discussing these issues is a now a legal minefield does not help the situation.

Meanwhile these laws have provided a very nice way to destroy almost any individual simply by hacking their PC/laptop/phone (usually fairly trivial), putting some forbidden material on it and reporting them to the police. Even if they are not convicted and sent to prison, their career and social standing will probably be destroyed beyond repair. Proving one’s innocence in such a case is nearly impossible.

The strangest point is that despite the heavy crackdown on images of child abuse, western police forces rarely take down known servers on their own soil. The idea that making imagery of child abuse (aka ‘child porn’) invisible by technical means somehow results in the reduction of harm to children is widespead. Despite the actual harm being done during the production phase of the material rather than during the distribution phase.

Because the subject invokes such strong emotions many politicians (and their staff) will often make a strange logical leap. It goes like this:

1. this problem is terrible, we must do something;

2. this (a filter, ban, deploying the army) is something;

3. we must do this.

In the process of formulating soundbites for the evening news, the fact that something may be completely ineffective in solving the problem and also has major negative effects on society is forgotten. We see these kind of mental illogical-leaps all the time in areas like ‘the War on Terror’, ‘the War on Drugs’ and ‘Cyber-security’, where the solutions clearly fail and, in fact, cause massive new problems that are often worse than the original issue.

Much of the above casts serious doubt on the true goals and priorities of the government. Are we busy hiding stuff we would rather not see, or are we working on protecting children?

I have strongly suggest that the Icelandic government considers the above and uses any budget, allocated for filters, for improving sex-education in schools and support for addictions in the heathcare system. This may not yield immediate results but will most certainly do more good than implementing technical solutions that either do not work or make Iceland into an informational dictatorship.

Update: Despite a change of power the debate over this continues in Iceland. Strangly still with a complete lack of statistical info on the scale of the problem.


Buy Iceland ?

Kraflapower_300 ‘A crisis like this can be a real opportunity to buy things for next to nothing’ said a former board member of one of my banking clients to me recently during a meeting. I’m not an investor myself but if you’re a finance minister and able to easily tap a loan from the ECB there are real possibilities here.

Take Iceland, a rugged wasteland twice the size of the Netherlands and only 300.000 or so people living there, all directly on the coast. Iceland has two properties that, like Fortis/ABNAMRO make it a great investment opportunity for governments: a financial problem and exploitable resources.

I’m not talking about fishing rights or the various military installations that Russia might want to rent for the next century. I’m talking about the potential for geothermal energy that sits underneath Iceland’s rocky landscape. Energy will be one of the most valuable and scarce resources until we get those fusion reactors to work and Iceland has been hard at work for decades to tap this virtually unlimited source. Most of the hot water for cooking, washing, heating and the many open air swimming pools comes from geothermal sources as well as over a quarter of the electricity generated. This is cheap and CO2 free, giving Iceland an edge in future carbon-trading. Because Iceland sits on top of the crack between the Eurasian and American continental plates, there are many places on the island where heat from the inside of the planet can be cheaply and reliably accessed.

Energy generation with geothermal heat has many advantages compared to the best known sustainable resources such as wind and solar: its available reliably 24×7 and very concentrated. This means it can be generate in industrial volumes (think Gigawatts – enough to power several cities) in a fairly small location. Most sustainable sources cannot provide that level of reliability at such quantities. This means that the installations for ‘harvesting’ geothermal energy are very much like the power stations we build all over the planet running on coal, oil or natural gas. The source of hot water is different, but most other parts are essentially the same.

The Icelanders are only tapping about half a Gigawatt right now because with 300.000 of them and a fair amount of (even cheaper) hydro power available there is no need for more. The potential power available could make Iceland the Kuwait of the 21st century if Gigawatts of energy were used to make hydrogen for use in Europe or move our energy-intensive industries (aluminium smelters and chemical factories) to Iceland. The interior of Iceland is uninhabited and the ecosystem consists of some patches of moss here and there. In fact NASA thought it looked so much like the Moon that the Apollo missions were rehearsed there 40 years ago. All in all not a bad place for heavy industry (way better than the center of of of the most densly populated countries on earth).

Whether we have peak oil next week or in 20 years, geothermal will keep going for millions of years and can handle the expected growth in energy needs. And those fishing rights will keep our chips from being all by themselves in yesterday’s paper for years to come. Might just be a real bargain!

In a response on Sargasso member JSK points out that an undersea cable for moving the electricity is feasible. I thought the distances would be too great but the an existing ‘NordNed‘ cable between Norway and the Netherlands has a longer length (580Km) than  the gap between Iceland and the Faröe islands or from there to Scotland or Norway (via the Shetlands). The transmitting capability of the NordNed cable is 700MegaWatt so an Iceland-EU cable will have to be at least 10-20 times bigger to have a real impact on European power requirements. The laying of such a cable at a depth of kilometers instead of tens or a few hundred meters will be an additional challenge. Unlocking Iceland’s Gigawatts of clean and dependable power for many decades would seem to be worthwhile to take on such a challenge though.